Every other year the International League Against Epilepsy organises a major epilepsy medical congress in Europe called the European Congress on Epilepsy (ECE). This year I attended the main three days of the ECE addition in Vienna, looking at the field partly as a drug developer and partly as a patient advocate working on behalf of rare epilepsy patient communities.
Here is the list of what I found the most interesting at the ECE 2018 meeting:
1. The big players are gone, the orphan players are taking over.
I missed seeing the large stands in the exhibition hall that UCB or GSK would always have. Instead we are now surrounded by (often) smaller companies that are launching molecules to treat orphan forms of epilepsy. It is an evolution that we also see in other disease fields, and that started becoming clear in epilepsy a couple of years ago. As rare diseases become more popular for drug development and we have more approvals, not only we see more orphan drugs at epilepsy conventions but we also see different players.
If you turned around at the ECE 2018 meeting you could see the stands of GW Pharmaceuticals, fresh from their FDA approval for Epidiolex for treating Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (expected EMA decision 1H 2019); Biomarin, which develops Brineura, with a stand focused on CLN2 (one of Batten disease types); Biocodex, with the newly FDA-approved stiripentol for treating Dravet syndrome (approved in EU since 2007); and Novartis with a stand on Tuberous Sclerosis Complex for their also recent approval of Votubia/Afinitor.
In addition to those, Zogenix, in very late stages of development of fenfluramine for the treatment of Dravet syndrome, didn’t have a stand but sponsored a symposium on Dravet and had multiple posters. I would expect to see Zogenix and potentially Ovid Therapeutics get some more visibility at the next American Epilepsy Society meeting given their active late-stage programs in Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes. But for now, at the European meeting, we could already see four orphan epilepsy syndromes replacing much of the exhibition floor space formerly dedicated to medicines with a much broader spectrum. Since I focus on rare epilepsy syndromes, seeing that many drugs coming to the market and so much research on rare syndromes with epilepsy makes me very happy.
2. Epileptologists discussing much more than just epilepsy.
Probably as a combination of paying more attention to rare epilepsies, which often have many serious and disabling comorbidities, and to patient-centricity and patient-empowerment becoming more mainstream, the epilepsy specialists start talking about these epilepsies in a much boarder way which captures much better the patient and caregiver experience. While years ago most presentations would focus on seizures, at the ECE 2018 we also talked about how to explain families a new diagnosis, the impact on caregivers of having a child with a rare epilepsy, the impact on siblings as well, and many aspects related to intellectual disability or psychiatric comorbidities. This large conversation shift was very refreshing for those coming from the patient side, and is likely to lead to much better patient outcomes.
3. A lot of exciting new therapies are coming, in particular for genetic forms of epilepsy.
Many presentations on the future of epilepsy treatments highlighted the new trials that are coming, most focused on orphan forms of epilepsy. In addition to Epidiolex and fenfluramine (for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes) several presentations highlighted ganaxolone from Marinus for treating CDKL5 deficiency disorder, XEN1101 from Xenon for KCNQ2 encephalopathy, and OV935/TAK935 from Ovid Therapeutics and Takeda for multiple rare epilepsies as well.
There are also hopes about future genetic therapies able to increase expression from the heathy gene copy, in all of those cases where the disease is caused by a de novomutation in one of the gene copies. In fact, I had the pleasure to meet with one executive of Stoke Therapeutics attending the conference and hear about their program to use an antisense treatment in Dravet syndrome that will increase the missing protein expression. They are still at a preclinical stage, but from my conversation I came out of the meeting convinced that they are doing an excellent work and that they are well-prepared to take into clinical trials, in some years, what could be the first disease-modifying treatment for Dravet syndrome.
I missed hearing a bit more about gene therapy approaches, which we know are also in development for several of these rare epilepsies where the genetic problem is due to a loss-of-function or a loss-of-expression of a gene. I´m sure it won't be long before these therapies are discussed at epilepsy meetings alongside more classical pharmacological approaches.
4. It is never too late to improve the life of a patient living with a severe epilepsy.
As we talk about those potentially disease-modifying treatments, and at the very least disease-targeting treatments, one hope and one fear emerge. The hope is that they will help us treat not only the epilepsy but also the cognitive, psychiatric, motor and other problems that the patient experiences, since they will target the root of the disease. The fear is that beyond certain age, they might do little for the patient.
I have to thank Prof Sanjay Sisodiya from UCL who works with adults with difficult-to-treat epilepsies for his beautiful and inspiring presentation on diagnosing genetic epilepsies in adult patients. He showed us the image of the medical records of a patient with drug-refractory epilepsy and intellectual disability in his late 50s that was the size of an encyclopaedia collection. Going through that much medical history to try to diagnose the patient would represent an enormous challenge to any physician. The patient’s disease was so severe that he had even stopped talking, so one might think that knowing the specific cause wouldn’t make much of a difference to this patient condition. It turns out the patient had Dravet syndrome, which could be identified in a genetic test, and this finding enabled his doctors to remove the contraindicated medication that he was taking and prescribe instead the standard of care for this particular syndrome. The patient condition improved to the point that Prof Sisodiya showed us a video of the patient, now 66, having a conversation with him.
“It is never too late” was the message to the audience.
It is never too late to diagnose a condition, and it is never too late to offer the patient the best medication that is currently available for their disease. This will be particularly important once we have actual disease-targeting therapies in the market, and only then will we be able to know how much improvement is achieved at each age.
SUMMARY
Overall, an evolution of epilepsy therapy discovery from treating symptoms to treating causes is clear. Much of this is driven by improved understanding of the genetic causes of many types of epilepsy, which points to potential new targets for therapies, and much is driven by the progresses in technologies such as the development of more specific ion channel modulators or antisense strategies that now enable us to tackle those targets.
The second major evolution, linked to the previous one, is a greater focus on rare (orphan) epilepsies over the large symptomatic market. This evolution, as is other disease fields, follows a combination of business advantages and better therapeutic fit, given that many of the rare epilepsies have a genetic cause. For example, as one of the most common genetic forms of epilepsy, Dravet syndrome is likely to be the first --or one of the first-- syndromes to get a disease-modifying treatment using these new approaches.
And last, I have seen another evolution in the way that epileptologists talk about the epilepsies at their major conferences, which has become more holistic and patient-centric. When I started working in the epilepsy therapeutics field 9 years ago, the view of epilepsy by the epilepsy specialists and the pharmaceutical companies was much more focused on the seizures and less on the overall patient experience. Now, as a result of much patient advocacy, physicians look at the disease the same way the patient and their families do. Companies and regulators have also changed the way they used to operate, now including much more directly the patient perspective as part of their work, which has expanded the way they see the disease and think about treatments. And in a medical conference like the ECE 2018, this change was very visible.
I personally missed hearing more about CDKL5 deficiency disorder and other “less popular” rare epilepsies, and about some of the non-pharmacological therapeutics in development, such as antisense therapies and gene therapy approaches. Next stop for the epilepsy community is the American Epilepsy Society meeting starting November 30thin New Orleans where I hope to hear more about those topics, and report back.
Ana Mingorance, PhD